{"id":2855,"date":"2026-03-09T08:03:49","date_gmt":"2026-03-09T07:03:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/drlewandowski.eu\/publications\/acquisition-of-a-partners-rights-and-obligations-by-the-partnership\/"},"modified":"2026-03-09T08:04:27","modified_gmt":"2026-03-09T07:04:27","slug":"acquisition-of-a-partners-rights-and-obligations-by-the-partnership","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/drlewandowski.eu\/en\/publications\/acquisition-of-a-partners-rights-and-obligations-by-the-partnership\/","title":{"rendered":"Acquisition of a partner’s rights and obligations by the partnership"},"content":{"rendered":"

The acquisition of own shares by companies, such as limited liability companies and joint-stock companies, is subject to significant restrictions in the Commercial Companies Code. Generally, the acquisition (or pledging) of own shares is prohibited. The scope of these prohibitions is broader in the case of limited liability companies, while joint-stock companies have a relatively broad list of circumstances in which the acquisition of own shares is permissible.<\/strong><\/p>\n

The Polish legislator has decided to maintain the general prohibition on a company acquiring its own shares in a joint-stock company, expressly set out in Article 362 \u00a7 1 sentence 1 of the Commercial Companies Code. However, the list of exceptions contained in the second sentence of this provision has been significantly expanded compared to the regulations of the Commercial Companies Code concerning limited liability companies. This prohibition has been repealed and does not apply to, among other things: 1) the acquisition of shares to prevent serious damage directly threatening the company (Article 362 \u00a7 1 item 1 of the Commercial Companies Code); 2) the acquisition of shares that are to be offered for purchase to employees or persons employed by the company or an affiliated company for a period of at least three years (Article 362 \u00a7 1 item 2 of the Commercial Companies Code); 3) the acquisition of shares by a public company in order to fulfill obligations arising from debt instruments convertible into shares (Article 362 \u00a7 1 item 2a of the Commercial Companies Code); 4) the acquisition of shares through universal succession (Article 362 \u00a7 1 item 3 of the Commercial Companies Code).<\/p>\n

In the case of a limited liability company, the Commercial Companies Code provides that the company may not acquire or acquire its own shares (Article 200 \u00a7 1 of the Commercial Companies Code). Exceptions to this rule occur, for example, in the case of the acquisition of shares during enforcement proceedings or for the purpose of redemption.<\/p>\n

While the acquisition of own shares in companies (limited liability companies and joint-stock companies) is permitted by law only in specific, exhaustively listed cases, the literature lacks an in-depth analysis of whether such a situation is permissible within the structure of partnerships, based on the provisions of the Commercial Companies Code regarding the acquisition of rights and obligations of partners by the partnership. The lack of analysis and consideration in this regard likely stems from the fact that partnerships, such as general partnerships and limited partnerships, are perceived as personal legal forms, for which a constitutional element is a personal (obligatory) bond between partners, in which trust and personal ties are crucial.<\/p>\n

The ongoing legal dispute over whether partnerships have legal capacity was finally resolved by Article 8 of the Commercial Companies Code, which stipulates that partnerships have legal capacity to conduct business transactions. An analysis of this provision leads to the further conclusion that the purpose of partnerships is to conduct business under their own name. This development towards the legal autonomy (independence) of partnerships in terms of legal capacity is no longer in doubt, and the distinction between a legal person and a limited legal person in the case of partnerships is becoming blurred.<\/p>\n

The Polish concept of capital companies is based on the distinction between the company and its partners. As a result of this principle, the purchaser of shares becomes a partner of the company, becomes integrated into its organizational structure, and is entitled to the rights and obligations of a partner. They participate in the company’s activities through its governing bodies, at the shareholders’ meeting or general meeting. This distinction thus highlights the company as a separate entity and its partners, simultaneously uniting them.<\/p>\n

The issue of acquiring one’s own shares in a company ultimately leads to a situation in which shareholders and the company face each other as creditors and debtors. If the debtor simultaneously becomes a creditor of the same claim, then, according to the principles of the law of contract, \u00a0the claims are extinguished by the merger. While acquiring one’s own shares in companies is associated with acquiring membership in the company, acquiring one’s own shares has far-reaching consequences. Acquiring a share in the company, among other things, creates the obligation to contribute capital or make further capital contributions. Dividend rights and rights during liquidation must be extinguished in accordance with the principles of merger; otherwise, the company, as the owner of its own shares, would be both a creditor and a debtor. Upon the extinction of the most important parts of the shareholding rights in the company, the right to participate should be considered annihilated not only in material terms but in its entirety.<\/p>\n

However, this conclusion contradicts the will of the legislature, which generally allows for the existence of own shares and the interest of shareholders by a company and management in maintaining them and reselling\/offering them to third parties while maintaining membership rights and the shares themselves. Consequently, one must agree with representatives of international legal doctrine that membership rights arising from the acquisition of shares remain “dormant<\/em>” while the company holds them. A right that remains “dormant<\/em>” until it is exercised and acquired by a third party is protected against its possible loss due to confusion. Third parties, upon acquiring such a share from the company, obtain the share and its associated rights in the state that existed before its acquisition by the company. This also applies to any encumbrances (e.g., pledges) related to the acquired shares and the related obligations.<\/p>\n

Returning to the regulation of partnerships, Article 10 \u00a7 1 of the Commercial Companies Code states that all rights and obligations of a partnership may be transferred to another person only if the partnership agreement so provides. This provision thus implements the idea of a partnership’s independence from its partners. A partner’s rights and obligations are transferred to the partnership, which, until they are further transferred to a third party, holds a specific value.<\/p>\n

There are no restrictions on the transfer\/acquisition of rights and obligations, similar to the provisions of Article 200 of the Commercial Companies Code and Article 362 \u00a7 1 of the Commercial Companies Code, in the provisions on partnerships in the Commercial Companies Code, due to the lack of need to protect partnership assets under the personal liability of partners. However, the limitation is that in a partnership, in addition to the partnership’s assets, the assets of at least one partner would also have to remain in order to protect the rights and interests of creditors in the event that the partnership itself acquires the rights and obligations of the partner. Upon the withdrawal of the last partner, the partnership should be liquidated. Until the partner’s rights and obligations are transferred to a third party by the partnership, the exercise of those rights and obligations should be “suspended<\/em>.”<\/p>\n

A partnership’s ownership of its own rights and obligations as a partner can be viewed as a means of enabling the association to better and effectively respond to market developments and behavior. For example, the rights and obligations of a partner who intends to exit the partnership may be retained, which may benefit the partnership’s creditors and\/or enable the resale (transfer) of these rights and obligations to a third party. However, the acquisition of rights and obligations should be tailored to the nature of each partnership, with certain limitations resulting from their legal characteristic. For example, the acquisition of the rights and obligations of a general partner by a partnership in a limited partnership should generally not be permitted. The acquisition of a partner’s rights and obligations by the partnership itself should be further disclosed in the National Court Register \u00a0(abbreviation \u201cKRS<\/em>\u201d) and, by analogy with the provisions of Article 363 \u00a7 6 of the Commercial Companies Code, be included in the balance sheet as a separate asset, to maintain transparency and clarity within the partnership\u2019s structure.<\/p>\n

To sum up, it should be noted that it would be necessary to introduce new provisions in the Commercial Companies Code regulating the scope of acquisition of rights and obligations of their own partners by the partnerships themselves, taking into account the nature of each partnership.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

An article by Dr. Robert Lewandowski on the issue of acquiring the rights and obligations of a partner by a company in partnerships, published in “Kapita\u0142 Polski”.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2853,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2855","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-publications"],"yoast_head":"\nAcquisition of a partner's rights and obligations by the partnership - DLP kancelaria prawna<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Acquisition of a partner's rights and obligations by the partnership DLP kancelaria prawna. DLP Kancelaria prawna w Warszawie - prawo gospodarcze, prawo sp\u00f3\u0142ek, M&A, prawo bankowe, finansowe itp. 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