{"id":2651,"date":"2025-06-23T12:01:12","date_gmt":"2025-06-23T10:01:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/drlewandowski.eu\/publications\/cryptocurrency\/"},"modified":"2025-06-23T12:12:45","modified_gmt":"2025-06-23T10:12:45","slug":"cryptocurrency","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/drlewandowski.eu\/en\/publications\/cryptocurrency\/","title":{"rendered":"The idea behind creating Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Bitcoin was created in 2008 by a person or persons using the pseudonym <em>Satoshi<\/em> <em>Nakamoto<\/em>. In their white paper on <em>Bitcoin:<\/em> <em>a Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System<\/em>, Nakamoto laid down their vision for a payment system:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>in which there is no need for go-betweens such as banks or financial institutions,<\/li>\n<li>that is decentralized with no central controlling agency,<\/li>\n<li>that is safe and transparent due to the blockchain technology used,<\/li>\n<li>that can be used to transfer assets directly between users without using the conventional financial systems.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Bitcoin (BTC) was intended as a response to the 2008 financial crisis, in which a banking system based on trust in central institutions was shown to be flawed.<\/p>\n<h2>The goals of BTC<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>decentralization \u2013 no single agency controlling the issue and transfer of funds,<\/li>\n<li>limiting supply \u2013 a maximum of 21 m BTC, as an inflation countermeasure,<\/li>\n<li>transparency \u2013 all transactions are made public in blockchain,<\/li>\n<li>financial independence \u2013 the users themselves have control over their funds and do not need banks,<\/li>\n<li>security \u2013 it is hard to fake transactions due to cryptography.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Why other cryptocurrencies were created<\/h2>\n<p>Following the success of BTC, several thousand other cryptocurrencies were created, each of which often had a slightly different purpose:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ethereum \u2013 this introduced smart contracts, making it possible to create decentralized applications (DApps),<\/li>\n<li>Monero \/ Zcash \u2013 focused on making transactions anonymous,<\/li>\n<li>Ripple (XRP) \u2013 designed to be used for quick and cheap transfers between banks,<\/li>\n<li>Stablecoins such as USDT, USDC \u2013 of stable value, often pegged to the USD to reduce price fluctuations,<\/li>\n<li>decentralized finance (DeFi) \u2013 a new movement providing an alternative to banks and lending based on blockchain.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Crypto exchange platforms as part of the digital asset ecosystem<\/h2>\n<p>Crypto exchange platforms play a central role in the digital asset ecosystem, and enable users to buy, sell, and store cryptocurrencies. They can be compared to the traditional stock exchanges, except that they operate faster, are decentralized, and are usually operational 24\/7.<\/p>\n<h3>a. The functions of crypto exchange platforms<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>buying and selling cryptocurrencies (BTC, ETH, Altcoins, Stablecoins, etc.),<\/li>\n<li>trading in fiat currencies \u2194 cryptocurrencies such as PLN on BTC,<\/li>\n<li>storing funds (hot wallets \u2013 online),access to trading tools (limit\/stop-loss orders, financial leverage, technical analysis),<\/li>\n<li>listing new tokens and projects, for example in an ICO or IEO,<\/li>\n<li>staking and DeFi \u2013 additional services enabling users to gain passive earnings.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>b. Types of crypto exchange platforms<\/h3>\n<p>1. <strong>Centralized exchange platforms (CEX)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>examples: Binance, Coinbase, Kraken, BitBay (Zonda),<\/li>\n<li>users open accounts, often with Know-Your-Customer (KYC) authentication,<\/li>\n<li>the exchange platform acts as a go-between in transactions and stores funds,<\/li>\n<li>advantages: user-friendly, high liquidity,<\/li>\n<li>disadvantages: vulnerable to hacking, trust in firm is required,<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2. <strong>Decentralized exchange platforms (DEX)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>examples: Uniswap, PancakeSwap, dYdX,<\/li>\n<li>operate on blockchain directly with no go-betweens,<\/li>\n<li>the user remains in complete control of funds,<\/li>\n<li>advantages: greater anonymity, no KYC authentication<\/li>\n<li>disadvantages: less liquidity, more difficult to use, risk of smart contract errors.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>c. The importance of exchange platforms for the entire ecosystem<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>they form a liquidity market that enables cryptocurrencies to be used as tender and assets for investment,<\/li>\n<li>they are the link between the traditional world (fiat) and the digital world,<\/li>\n<li>they play a role in determining prices \u2013exchange platforms are where cryptocurrency rates are set,<\/li>\n<li>they enable blockchain projects to be developed, for example through listing of new tokens,<\/li>\n<li>they often play an educational role and aid users in learning how to use cryptocurrency.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>The law on cryptocurrencies as it stands in 2024\u20132025<\/h2>\n<p>There is increasing regulation of cryptocurrencies in Poland and the EU, but they are still not considered official tender.<\/p>\n<p>a) The status of cryptocurrencies in Poland<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>they are not considered a currency \u2013 under Polish law, cryptocurrencies are considered title to assets, but not legal tender.<\/li>\n<li>legal compliance \u2013 it is lawful to use cryptocurrencies provided that this is not for criminal purposes such as money laundering.<\/li>\n<li>oversight:<\/li>\n<li>the Financial Supervision Authority (KNF) has pointed out the risk involved in investing in cryptocurrency but has not prohibited cryptocurrency use,<\/li>\n<li>the Supreme Administrative Court has confirmed that trading in cryptocurrencies is a form of business activity,<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>b) Tax treatment of cryptocurrencies in Poland<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>earnings from trading in cryptocurrency are subject to capital gains tax at 19%,<\/li>\n<li>cryptocurrency transactions are not subject to VAT (CJEU judgment of 2015),<\/li>\n<li>losses are deductible in subsequent years, but only with respect to cryptocurrencies and not other sources of income.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>c) EU laws \u2013 MiCA<\/p>\n<p>the Regulation on Markets in Crypto-Assets (MiCA) \u2013 EU regulation covering all aspects, passed in 2023, took effect 2024\u20132025,<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>it regulates the activities of cryptocurrency issuers and cryptocurrency service providers (such as exchange platforms and wallets),<\/li>\n<li>it provides for registration and reporting requirements, and also consumer protection measures,<\/li>\n<li>it introduces a licensing system for firms active on the digital asset market.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>d) Anti-money laundering (AML) and KYC requirements<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>cryptocurrency market players have to comply with AML regulations,<\/li>\n<li>KYC authentication applies, for example, on exchange platforms (in particular CEX).<\/li>\n<li>Poland has implemented AML5, requiring General Inspector of Financial Information (GIFI) registration for cryptocurrency exchange platforms.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>e) The legislative outlook<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>more stablecoin and DeFi legislation the next step to be taken by the EU and member states,<\/li>\n<li>legislative changes expected in Poland to enhance oversight of firms on the crypto market and penalize violation of MiCA.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Risks related to trading in cryptocurrencies:<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>no protection under the law and no oversight; transactions are irreversible and there is no KNF or NBP oversight,<\/li>\n<li>cryptocurrency trading platforms and wallets a target for hacking (using phishing to take control over private keys),<\/li>\n<li>prices are highly volatile,<\/li>\n<li>legal and tax risks (confusing and changing laws, for example tax laws),<\/li>\n<li>Fraud and Ponzi schemes (for example fake cryptocurrency projects, exchange platforms or wallets),<\/li>\n<li>loss of access to funds (loss of a private key or password \u2013 permanent loss of access to funds),<\/li>\n<li>geopolitical and technological risks (prohibited in some countries \u2013 China, or risk related to new technologies \u2013 quantum computing).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Cryptocurrencies in Poland<\/h2>\n<p>While there continues to be great interest in cryptocurrencies in Poland in 2024, caution is also exercised, and greater awareness-raising and more legislation is needed.<\/p>\n<p>a. Views on safety when investing<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>40.1% of Poles consider it safe to invest in cryptocurrencies,<\/li>\n<li>32.1% take a different view, and 27.8% say they do not know.<\/li>\n<li>Cryptocurrencies are considered safe mainly by men aged 18\u201324 with net income of PLN 7 000-9 000.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>b. Investor profile<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>investors are primarily men aged 26\u201345 (90.1%) who have completed higher education (47.9%) or secondary school education (44.8%),<\/li>\n<li>most of them work in IT (15.5%), construction (10.9%) or transport (10.1%).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>c. Scale of investment<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>36.7% invest less than 1% of their financial assets in cryptocurrencies,<\/li>\n<li>10% designate more than 25% of their funds,<\/li>\n<li>the investment median is approximately PLN 1 000, and the average approximately PLN 7 642.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>d. Trust and expectations<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>86.6% of Polish users of cryptocurrency consider the prospects for market growth to be very good,<\/li>\n<li>75% intend to invest more in cryptocurrencies this year.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>e. Legislation needed<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>60.9% of Poles wish the government to pass legislation to organize the cryptocurrency market properly and make investment safer,<\/li>\n<li>those in favor of legislation are mostly people aged 18\u201324 and people living in rural areas and small towns.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>f.\u00a0 Dangers and awareness<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>experts emphasize that insufficient information about investing in cryptocurrencies can lead to fraud and a loss of savings,<\/li>\n<li>raising awareness of financial issues is key to Poles being able to invest safely and avoid risk.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In summary, although there is increasing interest in cryptocurrencies in Poland, more awareness-raising of financial issues is needed, and the respective legislation is needed to protect investors.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The latest article published in Capital Poland by Prof. Dr. Rafa\u0142 Kusy<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2622,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2651","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-publications"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The idea behind creating Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies - DLP kancelaria prawna<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The idea behind creating Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies DLP kancelaria prawna. 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